Brazilian Society of Otology task force - Otosclerosis: evaluation and treatment

Abstract Objectives: To review and provide evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of otosclerosis. Methods: Task force members were educated on knowledge synthesis methods, including electronic database search, review and selection of relevant citations, and critical appraisal of selected studies. Articles written in English or Portuguese on otosclerosis were eligible for inclusion. The American College of Physicians' guideline grading system and the American Thyroid Association's guideline criteria were used for critical appraisal of evidence and recommendations for therapeutic interventions. Results: The topics were divided into 2 parts: 1) Diagnosis - audiologic and radiologic; 2) Treatment - hearing AIDS, pharmacological therapy, stapes surgery, and implantable devices - bone-anchored devices, active middle ear implants, and Cochlear Implants (CI). Conclusions: The pathophysiology of otosclerosis has not yet been fully elucidated, but environmental factors and unidentified genes are likely to play a significant role in it. Women with otosclerosis are not at increased risk of worsening clinical condition due to the use of contraceptives or during pregnancy. Drug treatment has shown little benefit. If the patient does not want to undergo stapedotomy, the use of hearing aids is well indicated. Implantable systems should be indicated only in rare cases, and the CI should be indicated in cases of profound deafness.

Brazilian Society of Otology task force - Otosclerosis: evaluation and treatment.

OBJECTIVES: To review and provide evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of otosclerosis. METHODS: Task force members were educated on knowledge synthesis methods, including electronic database search, review and selection of relevant citations, and critical appraisal of selected studies. Articles written in English or Portuguese on otosclerosis were eligible for inclusion. The American College of Physicians' guideline grading system and the American Thyroid Association's guideline criteria were used for critical appraisal of evidence and recommendations for therapeutic interventions. RESULTS: The topics were divided into 2 parts: 1) Diagnosis - audiologic and radiologic; 2) Treatment - hearing AIDS, pharmacological therapy, stapes surgery, and implantable devices - bone-anchored devices, active middle ear implants, and Cochlear Implants (CI). CONCLUSIONS: The pathophysiology of otosclerosis has not yet been fully elucidated, but environmental factors and unidentified genes are likely to play a significant role in it. Women with otosclerosis are not at increased risk of worsening clinical condition due to the use of contraceptives or during pregnancy. Drug treatment has shown little benefit. If the patient does not want to undergo stapedotomy, the use of hearing aids is well indicated. Implantable systems should be indicated only in rare cases, and the CI should be indicated in cases of profound deafness.

Task force of the Brazilian Society of Otology - evaluation and management of peripheral facial palsy.

OBJECTIVE: To review key evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of peripheral facial palsy in children and adults. METHODS: Task force members were educated on knowledge synthesis methods, including electronic database search, review and selection of relevant citations, and critical appraisal of selected studies. Articles written in English or Portuguese on peripheral facial palsy were eligible for inclusion. The American College of Physicians' guideline grading system and the American Thyroid Association's guideline criteria were used for critical appraisal of evidence and recommendations for therapeutic interventions. RESULTS: The topics were divided into 2 main parts: (1) Evaluation and diagnosis of facial palsy: electrophysiologic tests, idiopathic facial palsy, Ramsay Hunt syndrome, traumatic peripheral facial palsy, recurrent peripheral facial palsy, facial nerve tumors, and peripheral facial palsy in children; and (2) Rehabilitation procedures: surgical decompression of the facial nerve, facial nerve grafting, surgical treatment of long-term peripheral facial palsy, and non-surgical rehabilitation of the facial nerve. CONCLUSIONS: Peripheral facial palsy is a condition of diverse etiology. Treatment should be individualized according to the cause of facial nerve dysfunction, but the literature presents better evidence-based recommendations for systemic corticosteroid therapy.

Zumbido devido a alterações anatômicas de artéria basilar / Tinnitus due to anatomical alterations of basilar artery

O zumbido é um sintoma otoneurológico que afeta considerável parcela da população. Embora os mecanismos fisiopatológicos associados a ele não estejam completamente elucidados, é muito freqüente sua associação à perda auditiva. Alguns tipos de zumbido, entretanto, apresentam características peculiares, como o zumbido pulsátil. Esse pode ser causado por alterações vasculares congênitas, neoplásicas e traumáticas, dentre outras muitas. O presente estudo relata dois casos de pacientes com zumbido pulsátil, devido a alterações anatômicas de artéria basilar, sendo um com tortuosidade e outro megadolicobasilar, entidade pouco descrita na literatura. Em ambos os casos, pelas características causais associadas, que restringem o tratamento cirúrgico, optou-se pelo uso de clonazepan. Os pacientes apresentaram redução da sintomatologia durante o sono, principal queixa, permanecendo em acompanhamento ambulatorial.

Tinnitus is an otoneurological symptom that affects a considerable part of the population. Although pathophysiologicalmechanisms associated to this symptom are not completely disclosed, it is very common the association with hearing loss. Some kinds of tinnitus, however, can have specific characteristics, as a pulsatile tinnitus. It can be caused by vascular alterations, neoplasms or traumas, besides other pathologies. This paper reports two cases of patients with pulsatile tinnitus due to anatomical alterations of basilar artery; the first one due to an arterial deviousness and the second with a dolichomegabasilar, acondition rarely reported in literature. Due to the causal characteristics of this cases and the difficulties of surgicaltreatment, we prescribed clonazepam. The symptom did not disappear, but it was reduced during the sleep. The patients are being followed-up in our outpatient care unit nowadays.

Cisto de base de língua como causa de tosse crônica / Tongue base cyst as a cause of chronic cough

A tosse é um sintoma muito comum, constituindo-se na segunda causa mais freqüente de procura por consultas médicas. Isso ressalta a importância da identificação e tratamento adequados dos fatores causais relacionados a esse sintoma. Várias doenças que acometem as vias aéreas superiores são comumente associadas à tosse crônica, sendo rara a ocorrência de cistos supraglóticos como etiologia desse sintoma. O presente trabalho descreve o caso de um paciente com tosse crônica devido à presença de um cisto na base da língua. O paciente foi submetido à cirurgia para exérese da lesão, tendo havido desaparecimento do sintoma após o procedimento.

Cough is a very common symptom and it has been considered the second major cause of visits to the doctor. This emphasizes the importance to identify and to treat appropriately the etiological factors that have a relationshipwith this symptom. Several diseases that attack the upper airway are associated to the chronic cough, beingrare the occurrence of supraglottic cysts as an aetiology of this symptom. This paper report a case of a patientwith chronic cough due to a cyst on the tongue basis. The patient was submitted to a surgery and the cyst was completely extracted. The symptom disappeared completely after the procedure.

Repercussões auditivas da síndrome alcóolica fetal / Auditory repercurssions od fetal alcohol syndrome

O abuso de álcool durante a gravidez, além de causar impacto individual, familiar e social, causa sérios danos ao recém-nascido. O álcool tem a capacidade de causar grande injúria ao embrião e ao feto, e a Síndrome Alcóolica Fetal é a manifestação mais grave desse processo. O sistema auditivo, assim como o sistema nervoso central, está vulnerável aos efeitos tóxicos do álcool devido ao período embriológico em que se forma, podendo haver deficiência auditiva em diferentes graus em crianças cujas mães fizeram uso de grandes quantidades de álcool no período gestacional. A aquisição e o desenvolvimento da linguagem dependem diretamente da função auditiva, que deve ser acompanhada em crianças acometidas por essa síndrome, destacando-se o papel de pediatras, neurologistas e otorrinolaringologistas nesse processo. O presente trabalho descreve quatro casos de Síndrome Alcóolica Fetal (SAF) e aborda aspectos clínicos e epidemiológicos relevantes dessa síndrome, enfatizando as repercussões auditivas, que têm tido pouco enfoque na literatura científica mundial.